Antibiotics And The Mode Of operation

Health Care Reform - Antibiotics And The Mode Of operation

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Technically, an antibiotic is a substance that is produced by one microorganism and it is capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of another microorganism which can a virus, bacteria, fungi, yeast, protozoan or any other pathogen.

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The first antibiotic that was advanced was Penicillin, a biological combination that is produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming in the year 1928. After that, several other types of antibiotics produced by dissimilar species of bacteria and fungi were isolated. Some of these consist of cephalosporins; aminoglycosides such as streptomycin, gentamicin and kanamycin; ansamycins such as geldanamycin and carabecephems; glycopeptides like vancomycin; macrolides like erythromycin and azithromycin, penicillin, quinolone, polypeptide and sulfonamide.

All these antibiotics have dissimilar mode of activity by which they act as therapeutic agents. Some of the modes of activity by dissimilar antibiotics are mentioned below:

Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors:

Bacteria consist of murein or peptidoglycan that is extremely necessary in maintaining the cell wall structure. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors such as beta-lactams, cephalosporins and glycopeptides block the potential of microorganisms to synthesize their cell wall by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan.

Interfering with Protein Synthesis:

These classes of antibiotics inhibit the protein synthesis machinery in the cell. Some examples consist of tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides and macrolides.

Cell Membrane Inhibitors:

Antibiotics such as polymyxins disrupt the integrity and structure of cell membranes, thereby killing them. These set of antibiotics are mostly productive on gram negative bacteria because these are the bacteria that consist of a definite cell membrane.

Effect on Nucleic Acids:

Dna and Rna are extremely necessary nucleic acids gift in every living cell. Antibiotics such as quinolones and rifamycins bind to the proteins that are required for the processing of Dna and Rna, thus blocking their synthesis and thereby affecting the growth of the cells.

Competitive Inhibitors:

Also referred to as anti-metabolites or growth factor analogs, these are antibiotics that competitively inhibit the leading metabolic pathways occurring inside the bacterial cell. leading ones in this class are sulfonamides such as Gantrisin and Trimethoprim.

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